Table of Contents Introductory Message. ii Lesson 1 . 2 Plan and Prepare for diagnosis of computer systems errors . 2 Lesson . 12 2. 12 Diagnose and Configure Computer Systems and Network . 12 Lesson . 19 3. 19 Techniques for Diagnosing Computer System . 19 Lesson . 30 4. 30 Computer Systemand Network Configurations . 30 Introductory Message For the facilitator: Welcome to the Computer System Servicing – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on DIAGNOSING AND TROUBLESHOOTING COMPUTER SYSTEMS (DT) This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by the TLE Department Head and ICT Teachers to assist the facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling. This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their needs and circumstances. In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of the module: Notes to the teacher/facilitator This contains helpful tips or strategies that will help you in guiding the learners. ii
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the module. For the learner: Welcome to the Computer System Servicing 1 – Grade 9 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on DIAGNOSING AND TROUBLESHOOTING COMPUTER SYSTEMS (DT) This module was designed to provide you with informative and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or What I Know competencies you are expected to learn in the module. What’s In What’s New This part includes an activity that aims to What is It check what you already know about the What’s More lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this What I Have Learned module. What I Can Do This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. iii
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your Additional Activities level of mastery in achieving the learning Answer Key competency. In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. This contains answers to all activities in the module. References At the end of this module you will also find: This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. 3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. 4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. 5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. 6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! iv
What I need to know This module is designed and written to provide you the knowledge and skills on installing computer hardware, operating system, software components and networks. Those skills are essential for you to pass the National Certification II in Computer System Servicing. This will teach you to have a considerable knowledge and skills in Diagnosing and Troubleshooting Computer Systems essential to be successful in computer hardware servicing as one of the career options in ICT. The module is divided into 1 lesson with 1 sub lessons namely LESSON 1: LO 1. Plan and prepare for diagnosis of computer systems errors This lesson is designed to give you the proper procedures used to independently diagnoses and troubleshoots computer systems as prescribed by TESDA Training Regulations. At the end of this lesson you should be able to: • Follow OHS procedures in planning and preparing diagnosis of computer systems errors • Determine the computer systems errors using manual and software diagnosis • Follow OHS procedures in planning and preparing diagnosis of computer systems and network errors • Identify the diagnosed computer systems and network errors based on the job requirements 1
What I Know Test I: Identify the following: 1. It is the key to a successful work. 2. Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity. 3. Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from intermittent power sources. 4. Moderately dangerous types of errors that can pop up on your PC 5. Caused by malfunctioning hardware components and characterized by short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard. 6. They happen at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused by applications while those are running. 7. Usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware components 8. Caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software executables. 9. Caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and bad sectors on hard disks. 10.Caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website. 2
Lesson Plan and prepare for diagnosis of computer systems errors 1 What’s In Review Activity : Write the correct word/words with the given letters Clue: Activities that we have done on previous lesson “Installing Computer System & Network.” 1. BLYSAMSE 2. IDSBLYSAMSE 3. LLINTSOINTA 4. GFTOINCURNAO What’s New Activity 1: Where do we usually use this? Finding _________. If your answer is problem or error, Yes it is correct and that is our lesson all about 3
What is It SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Personal Protective Equipment Proper preparation is the key to a successful work. Before you begin, make sure that you have the tools you will need, and secure a clear well-lit workplace. Gather all the components you’ll be using and unpack them at the same time. Always keep in mind that personal protection is one of the traits of a good computer technician. Types of personal protective devices 1. Anti-static devices 2. Power surge protectors 3. Personal equipment Anti-static devices Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity. Power surge protectors Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from intermittent power sources. Examples: 1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) 2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) 4
Personal Equipment TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM ERROR There are several errors in computer from the point you open it up to the point you reach the stand by window (reaching standby windows means boot process has no error). Below is a list of computer errors. 1. No Video Output - When you open your PC, nothing shows up in your monitor and the LED indicator of your monitor is flashing in yellow color. 2. No Video Output - Same as number one but now the LED indicator of your monitor is in steady orange color. 3.Doesn't Boot - When you open your PC it will show the processor’s brand and/or the motherboard’s brand but doesn't continue. Usually this error will result to system restart over and over again. 4. Never Ending Loading of Operating system - The computer opens up then boots but when the operating system loads it, doesn't continue and it will take a longtime if you're going to wait for it to load. 5. Lots of pop up windows showing on standby mode - This also happens even if you try disconnecting your computer set from the internet. This is what we called aftershock virus which will continue to run even if internet is disconnected. 6. Lots of hardware installation windows appear - This happens even if you try installing the hardware. When you restart your set it will happen again. 5
7.Safe mode doesn't work - When you try going to safe mode, all you will see is a list of files in Command prompt style. 8. Keyboard and mouse system restart - This will happen only in standby mode, when you move your mouse or type something, your system will automatically restart and the worst part is it will delete a file at random. 9. Sound on/off error - Upon loading the operating system, you will hear a loading sound and then the sound stops, when you try running an audio file, no sound will be heard. 10. Application causes system to restart - Just like the mouse problem, when you open a program that will take the whole screen like for example a game and/or a program applications, when you close it, it will cause your system to restart. Aside from the common computer errors, computers also can have different Operating System (OS) errors. OS errors can be classified into various categories such as: 1. System errors – These are moderately dangerous types of errors among those that can pop up on your PC. System errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware components, corrupted operating system modules, etc. 2. Runtime errors – Runtime errors are caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software executables. Most runtime errors cause the application that caused it to shut down. However, more serious runtime errors may cause the system to become unstable or unresponsive, suggesting that you should restart your computer. 3. Stop errors – Stop errors are caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and bad sectors on hard disks. Stop errors can be difficult to resolve at times. 4. Device Manager Errors – These are usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware components. In case of the former cause, the problem is often solved by reinstalling or updating the drivers. However, the latter cause can often be solved only by replacing hardware components. 5. POST code errors – POST code errors are caused by malfunctioning hardware components, and are characterized by short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard. POST code errors occur when you press the power button to turn on your PC. 6. Application errors – These can happen at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused by applications while those are running. These are commonly caused by glitches in the program code itself. These are normally resolved by updating the program to its latest version 7. Browser Status Codes – These are caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website. These can be caused by misplaced web pages in the server of the website itself, or due to connection problems. For instance, a 404 error would indicate that the browser is trying to access a webpage that does not exist in the specified location 6
DIAGNOSING COMPUTER SYSTEMS PC Diagnosing Probably the most frustrating problem computer users run into are startup problems, where your computer will not boot. Equally annoying are error messages you constantly run into during your computer’s startup process. In this module, you will be given a few tips on how you can avoid some of the most common problems that happen right after your computer is on. Here you will learn the basic troubleshooting. • Trial and error: When you find a faulty component in your computer, check it with the other computers so that you can make sure whether the fault is in the component or not. • Check cables: In case of any device failure, check all the cables of your computer such as data cables, power cable, internal circuitry cable and make sure that all these are plugged in and working fine. • Hardware settings: Check the hardware settings in the CMOS and in the device manager of the system and make all the device drivers up to date and all the cards are plugged in properly. • Notice changes: When you notice a software or hardware error in your computer, determine what was changed before the problem occurred. • Event viewer: In the event viewer, you will find the error or warning messages associated with any faulty hardware or software. • Make notes: Troubleshooting is a useful skill, and we can learn a lot when we face any kind of troubleshooting in our computer. Make notes including the error messages and their solutions, so that you have a record on how a certain problem occurred and how did you solve it. Common PC Problems and Solutions You are working away at your computer when suddenly, an error message – or worse, your computer comes to a screeching halt. Here are the common computer problems and solutions that can help you. Steps 1. Check the POST. POST stands for Power On Self-Test. This is generally the first or second thing that appears on a computer after turning on the power. This appears before the operating system begins to load. The POST will display any problem found with the hardware that makes the computer unable to boot. POST may also display problems with hardware that allow the computer to boot, but not operate at its full capacity during operation. 2. Notice the load time of the OS (operating system). A longer than usual load time may indicate errors in the hard drive. 3. Notice any graphics problems once the OS has loaded. Reduced graphics may indicate driver failures or hardware failures with graphic cards. 7
4. Perform an auditory test. An auditory test is a simple, but still effective way of judging how a computer is working. With the computer on and running, play any decent length audio file (usually above 30 sec.) If the audio is choppy or slow, it usually means that the processor is working at an elevated level, or there is not enough RAM to run all programs loading. Changing the startup sound is a great way to apply this test. Another issue associated with choppy sounds is PIO (Programmed Input/Output) Mode. This affects how the hard drive reads and writes data from a drive. Switching to Direct Memory Access (DMA) allows for faster reads and writes and can sometimes repair choppy audio. 5. Check any newly installed hardware. Many operating systems, especially Windows, can have conflicts with new drivers. The driver may be badly written, or it may conflict with another process. Windows will usually notify you about devices that can cause or have any problem. To check this use the Device Manager, this can be accessed by entering the Control Panel, clicking the System icon, clicking the Hardware tab, and clicking on Device Manager. Use this to check and arrange the properties of hardware. 6. Check any newly installed software. Software may require more resources than the system can provide. Chances are that if a problem begins after software starts, the software is causing it. If the problem appears directly upon startup, it may be caused by software that starts automatically on boot. 7. Check RAM and CPU consumption. A common problem is a choppy or sluggish system. If a system is choppy it is good practice to see if a program is consuming more resources than the computer can provide. An easy way to check this is to use the Task Manager, right click on the taskbar select Task Manager, and click the Processes tab. The CPU column contains a number that indicates the percentage of CPU the process is consuming. The Memory Usage column indicates how much memory a process is consuming. 8. Listen to the computer, if the hard drive is scratching or making loud noises, shut off the computer and have a professional diagnose the hard drive. Listen to the CPU fan, this comes on a high speed when the CPU is working hard, and can tell you when the computer is working beyond its capacity. 9. Run a virus and malware scan. Performance problems can be caused by malware on the computer. Running a virus scan can find any problem. Use a commonly updated virus scanner (such as Norton Antivirus or Avast! Antivirus) 10. Check for the problem in safe mode. To enter safe mode, press F8 repeatedly during POST (this works on most systems). If the problem persists in safe mode, it is a fair bet that the operating system itself is to blame. Common Trouble shooting for Computer Units 1. Double check the power connections. 2. Voltage regulator and power supply could cause power failure in the computer unit. 3. Check the power cords and cable connectors in your computer unit. 4. Unseated card. Loose cards could cause malfunction. 178 5. Check the boot sequence configuration in the advance BIOS (Basic Input/Output Unit) setup. 8
Diagnosing Network Connection Things to look for if a PC is connected to the internet or network: • First, check the cable connecting to the network card into the network hub. • Check the back of the computer to see if the network card light is on • Check the network cable (use cable tester) • Check the network hub (use multi-tester) What’s More Activity 2. Task: List down all possible components to be checked based on the Symptoms: Dead Computer Monitor No. of components Points 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 What I Have Learned Activity 3. Give what are asked for 1. Name 2 anti-static devices 2. Give 2 Common trouble shooting for computer units 3. Give 1 Diagnosing network connection What I Can Do Activity 4: Write at least 5 Computer Problems & Solutions Computer Problems Points 5 10 48 36 24 12 9
Assessment Test I: Identify the following: 1. It is the key to a successful work. 2. Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity. 3. Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from intermittent power sources. 4. Moderately dangerous types of errors that can pop up on your PC 5. Caused by malfunctioning hardware components and characterized by short beep sounds from the tiny internal speaker of your motherboard. 6. They happen at any point of time. As the name suggests, these are caused by applications while those are running. 7. Usually caused by corrupted driver files or malfunctioning hardware components 8. Caused by corrupted or malfunctioning system files or software executables. 9. Caused by corrupted hardware, especially malfunctioning RAM modules and bad sectors on hard disks. 10.Caused by problems faced by browsers when trying to access a website. Additional Activities Activity 5: Interview one owner of a computer unit and ask 1 problem encountered and how they troubleshoot it. 10
What I need to know Lesson 2: DIAGNOSE AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS This lesson is intended to develop your skills in the underlying concepts and principles of diagnosing and troubleshooting computer systems. The lesson under Lesson 2 with sub objectives as follows: • Guide the students to understand the different safety precautions to be used in diagnosing and configuring computer systems and networks. • Discuss the basic concepts of electricity. Ask the students to give the importance of the lesson to CHS. • Familiarize / educate the learners about the techniques for diagnosing computer system. • Let the learners have an actual use of diagnosing tools for testing computer system What I Know I. Identification: Direction: Identify the following statement. Write your answer on your answer sheet. _________1. Basic component of matter. It is composed of a nucleus which is the central part, the protons and electrons. _________2. Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of current flowing in a circuit can be measured in ampere (I). _________3. The amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as potential difference or EMF (electromotive force). The amount of voltage can be measured in volt (V). _________4. Materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to current flow. _________5. Materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high resistance to current flow. _________6. A computer power supply converts AC to _____________. _________7. Define as the pathways for electricity to flow. _________8. Defined as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of energy that can be transformed into other form of energy like heat light and mechanical. _________9. The negatively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to flow. _________10. Defined as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance can be measured in ohms (Ω). 11
Lesson DIAGNOSE AND CONFIGURE COMPUTER SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS 2 What’s In In Lesson 1 we learned the Computer System Errors and Operating systems errors and how to diagnose it. Here in Lesson 2 you will learn the Personal safety while working with PC’s and Basic Concepts of Electricity. What’s New Activity 1 : Describe what happened to the man. Use your answer sheet. What is It SAFETY PRECAUTIONS Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) refers to the legislation, policies, procedures and activities that aim to protect the health, safety and welfare of all people at the workplace. Every worker has the right to a healthy and safe work and to a work environment that enables them to live a socially and economically productive life. Safety practices should be learned early and must be followed when working with any electrical device including personal computers and peripherals. 12
Personal safety while working with PC’s The following are some safety precautions to take before working with any computer devices: • Before doing anything, listen to your teacher’s instruction to prevent accidents or any unwanted events that may occur on your workplace. • Do not work on a computer when you are wet because you might get electrocuted. • Do not remove internal devices of the computer when it is turned on. • Avoid playing or running while inside the room. • Always wear personal protective equipments (PPE) like coverall, shoes with rubber sole, anti-static wrist strap, etc. • Ask for assistance from your teacher when it comes dealing with computer devices. • Applying safety measures when handling tools and equipment are necessary to avoid certain damages. The student is further expected to maintain good health, to be neat in personal appearance and to practice safe working procedures at all time with appropriate equipment. Basic Concepts of Electricity This lesson will introduce you to the fundamental knowledge of electricity. It will equip the student with the basic knowledge in electricity. Basic Electrical Terms • Electricity - Is defined as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of energy that can be transformed into the forms of energy like heat light and mechanical. - Is the negatively charged component of an atom. It • Electron has the ability to flow. • Proton - Is the positively charged component of an atom. It has the ability to attract electron. - Is anything that occupy space and has mass. It can • Matter be a solid, liquid or gas in state. • Atom - Basic component of matter. It composes of a nucleus which is the central part, the protons and electrons. - Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of • Current current flowing in a circuit can be measured in ampere (I). • Voltage - The amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as potential difference or EMF (electromotive force). The amount of voltage can be measured in volt (V). • Resistance - Defined as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance can be measure in ohms (Ω) Conductors and Insulators 13
• Conductors are materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to current flow. Examples; aluminum, gold, silver, copper, iron • Insulators are materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high resistance to current flow. Examples; rubber, plastic, paper Types of Current 1. Direct Current In direct current (DC), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction, the type of electricity produced by batteries, static, and lightning. A voltage is created and maybe stored until it is consumed when the current flows directly, in one direction. In the circuit, the current flows at a specific, constant voltage (this is oversimplified somewhat but good enough for our needs.) When you use a flashlight, pocket radio, portable CD player or virtually any other type of portable or battery- powered device, you are using direct current. Most DC circuits are relatively low in voltage; for example, your car's battery is approximately 12V, and that's about as high a DC voltage as most people ever use. Figure 1 shows an ideal 12 V DC current. The voltage is considered positive because its potential is measured relative to ground or the zero potential default state of the earth. Direct currents flow in one direction only and are constant in time. Their appearance is that of a straight line which does not vary. They are produced from power sources such as batteries, power supplies and DC generators. Photovoltaic devices such as solar cells also generate DC power. 2. AC Alternating Current In alternating current (AC, also ac) the movement of electric charge periodically reverses direction. This type of electricity is produced or generated by AC generators commonly from a hydroelectric plant. It is the commercial power that we use in homes and offices. Delivered through a power transmission lines.AC current 14
can be reduced through the use of power transformer to suite for its application.It can also be converted to DC for a specific purpose. In the Philippines AC is rated as 220V AC at 60 Hz. Alternating currents change direction, flowing first one way and then the other. They are sinusoidal waves, so that they change in time. They are produced from sources such as power supplies and AC generators. In North America, AC is 120 volts and 60 hertz or cycles per second. This means it changes direction 60 times per second. In Europe, it is generally 50 hertz with 220 to 240 volts. Why does standard electricity come only in the form of alternating current? There are a number of reasons, but one of the most important is that a characteristic of AC is that it is relatively easy to change voltages from one level to another using a transformer, while transformers do not work for DC. This capability allows the companies that generate and distribute electricity to do it in a more efficient manner, by transmitting it at high voltage for long lengths, which reduces energy loss due to the resistance in the transmission wires. Another reason is that it may be easier to mechanically generate alternating current electricity than direct current. PC’s use only direct current, which means that the alternating current provided by your utility must be converted to direct current before use. This is the primary function of your power supply. Electric Circuit - is the pathways for electricity to flow. Components of Circuit • Load - commonly represented by a bulb or any electrical component that consumes electricity. • Supply - Commonly represented by a cell or a battery 15
• Switch - an electrical device that opens or closed a circuit Types of Circuit 1. Open Circuit - a type of circuit that has an open path for current to flow. It means that current cannot flow in open circuit. The switch is said to be “OPEN” the current can’t flow into the circuit and the bulb is “OFF” 2. Closed Circuit - a type of circuit that has a closed path for current to flow. It means that current can flow in a closed circuit. The switch is said to be “CLOSED” the current can’t flow into the circuit and the bulb is “ON” What’s More Activity 2: Draw the Open circuit and Closed circuit 16
What I Have Learned Activity 3: Complete the following statement. Use your notebook for your answer Today, I have learned the following ______________________________________________________________________ I want to learn more on ______________________________________________________________________ What I Can Do Activity 4: With the help of household members write atlest 5 electrical devices found inside your house Assessment Identification: Direction: Identify the following statement. Write your answer on your answer sheet. _________1. Basic component of matter. It is composed of a nucleus which is the central part, the protons and electrons. _________2. Same as electricity or flow of electron. The amount of current flowing in a circuit can be measured in ampere (I). _________3. The amount of pulling force that makes the electron flow. Also known as potential difference or EMF (electromotive force). The amount of voltage can be measured in volt (V). _________4. Materials that easily allow the flow of current, or it has a low resistance to current flow. _________5. Materials that do not easily allow the flow of current, or it has a high resistance to current flow. _________6. A computer power supply converts AC to _____________. 17
_________7. Define as the pathways for electricity to flow. _________8. Defined as the flow of electron or electric current. It is an invisible form of energy that can be transformed into other form of energy like heat light and mechanical. _________9. The negatively charge component of an atom. It has the ability to flow. _________10. Defined as the opposition to the flow of current. The amount of resistance can be measured in ohms (Ω). Additional Activities Activity 5 : With the help of the members of the family count the electrical switches of your house. 5 points What I Need to Know LESSON 3: Techniques for diagnosing computer systems This lesson is intended to develop your skills using a basic common diagnostic procedure that may help determine what is wrong with the system. The lesson has sub objectives as follows: • Follow OHS procedures in planning and preparing diagnosis of computer systems and network errors • Identify the diagnosed computer systems and network errors based on the job requirements • Configure computer systems and networks 18
What I Know IDENTIFICATION TYPE: Identify the following. ________ 1. It can easily damage sensitive components in your computer. ________ 2. One of the Factors that cause computer failures and defects who are untrained personnel. ________ 3 It is a detective work in which you need to determine what is out of the ordinary by making detailed observation of what is not working normally. ________ 4. The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot most problems ________ 5 It is a device used to crimp the RJ45 connector to the UTP cable. ________ 6. It is a device used for testing the network connection. ________ 7. It is a paste used for heat dissipation of the processor. ________ 8. A device used for cleaning optical media, such a DVD ROMS and CD-writers. ________ 9. It is primarily used for connecting terminals in the power supply and circuit board with the use of a soldering lead. ________10. What are used for installing and removing screws in the computer unit. 19
Lesson TECHNIQUES FOR DIAGNOSING COMPUTER SYSTEMS 3 What’s In Last lesson we learned Safety practices to be followed when working with any electrical device including personal computers and peripherals. What’s New Activity 1: Complete the sentence!! ANY PROBLEM THERE IS ALWAYS A _______________. The lesson is about Diagnosing the System where if there is a problem, there is always a solution What is It Computer Diagnosis Sometimes when the problem with a system is not totally apparent and intermittent, using a basic common diagnostic procedure may help determine what is wrong. This procedure has a number of steps that, if followed each time, can be of help. Rules in Diagnosing Computer System 1.. Know the facts • Educate oneself on all aspects and operation of computer parts. • Continuous learning on computer technology. 2. Use your common sense 20
3. Focus on Field Replaceable Units • Identify the different types of FRU that can be used for replacement or subassembly. 4. Proper assembly and disassembly 5. Factors Causing Computer Failures and Defects • People ware Untrained personnel could have damaged programs in PC. • Firmware Programs or software burnt in chips may be corrupted. • Software Corrupted operating systems would cause the system to fail. • Hardware Defective hardware components would lead to computer malfunction. Hardware conflicts and viruses can hinder your computers performance. ESD (Electro Static Discharge) Electro static discharge can easily damage sensitive components in your computer. Electricity Incoming supply from AC outlet must be regulated; power surges can damage computer units. Problem Isolation Problem isolation is a detective work in which you need to determine what is out of the ordinary by making detailed observation of what is not working normally and record any information as you proceed. The information you will be able to gather will help diagnose your computer. You need to observe wisely. Look for any abnormalities in the unit, any change in smell or foreign smell, listen to all the sounds, and error codes. Component Isolation This section will aid in determining components in your system which are failing. First, most systems have 3 major components; monitor, system unit, and printers. Some have multiple external devices. To troubleshoot, you need to isolate major components which are failing to operate. Diagnostics Procedure for ATX Power Supply Failure 1. Determine whether or not the power comes on. 2. Check the switch operation with a Digital Volt Meter on the continuity or resistance setting. 3. Check the pins if the corresponding voltage are properly regulated to the motherboard. 4. Replace the power supply unit if defective. Things to Consider: There are many devices, parts, cords, and connections on a computer, which means that there are many possible problems that could arise. In addition, your computer uses a variety of software, which can also cause problems. However, no matter what the problem is, you can use the following tips to help you find a solution: 21
• Always check the cables: Many computer problems are related to an issue in the cables and connections. The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot most problems is to check all related cables and connections. • Isolate the problem: If possible, try to isolate the problem. For example, if you can't get the cursor to move on the screen, try to determine if the issue is with the mouse. If you have an extra mouse, you can alternate devices to see if the one plugged in is the issue, or use the arrow keys on the keyboard to help determine if the mouse is the source of the problem. When trying to isolate the problem, only make one change at a time. • Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you error messages, be sure to write down as much information as possible. If the basic troubleshooting steps don't work, you may need the information you have taken. • Remember the steps you've taken, or write them down: Once you start troubleshooting, you will want to remember what you have done, so you don't repeat yourself. If you can't remember it, then write it down. If you end up asking someone for help, it will be much easier if they know exactly which steps you've taken. Simple Solutions to Common Problems Most of the time, problems can be fixed by using simple troubleshooting techniques, such as closing and re-opening the program. It's important to try these simple solutions before resorting to more extreme measures. If the problem still isn't fixed, you can then try other troubleshooting techniques, such as reinstalling the software. Program Runs Slowly or Isn't Working Right • If a program is running slowly or otherwise isn't working right, the first thing you should try is closing the program and re-opening it. • You can also shut down your computer, wait a few seconds, and boot it up again. Some minor problems will work themselves out when you do this. • Check with the company for any known problems or updates to the software. Program is Completely Unresponsive • If a program has become completely unresponsive, you can press (and hold) Control+Alt+Delete on your keyboard to open the Task Manager. You can then select the program that isn't working and click End Task. If you are using a Mac, you can press Option+Command+Esc to open a similar dialog box. Problems Starting or Shutting Down the Computer 22
• If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to confirm that it is plugged securely into the back of the computer case and the power outlet. • If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. Often, this will require you to plug a lamp or other electrical device into the outlet to make sure it is receiving power. • If the computer is plugged into a surge protector, verify that it is turned on. You may have to reset the surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You can also plug a lamp or other device into the surge protector to verify that it is on. • If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug the AC adapter into the wall and then try to turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may need to wait a few minutes and then try again. \"Non-System Disk” or “Disk Error\" Message If you get this message when you boot up your computer, it usually means there is a CD, DVD, USB flash drive, or floppy disk in your computer, which is interfering with your computer's booting process. Remove the disk from the drive and restart the computer. Windows Shutting Down Message Will Not Disappear Sometimes Windows will freeze during the shutdown process. If this happens, the Windows is Shutting Down message screen will stay active on your screen. To finish shutting down the computer, press and hold the power button for about 10 seconds, or until the computer turns off. Computer Begins Randomly Rebooting or Crashing • Check for overheating. Make sure the vents in the case are not blocked. Confirm that there is good air flow around the computer. • Update your antivirus software and scan for viruses. PROBLEMS WITH THE MONITOR AND SPEAKERS No Picture on the Monitor • Confirm the computer is turned on. • Check the brightness control, located on your monitor or your keyboard, and make sure it is not set too low. • Check the connections for the monitor and surge protector, and make sure the surge protector is turned on. Monitor Goes Blank Periodically You may have the screensaver enabled. If the screen saver is enabled, just move your mouse back and forth and your original screen will appear. You can change the screensaver settings by going to your Control Panel (or your System Preferences if you're using a Mac). 23
No Sound • Check the volume control on your computer. In Windows, the sound icon will usually be on the taskbar, and you can also access the sound options in the Control Panel. On Macs, the sound options are found at the top of the screen or in System Preferences. • Most media programs (such as iTunes or Windows Media Player) have a volume control, which will need to be turned up. • Make sure the speakers are turned on, if using external speakers. • Make sure external speakers are connected to the correct audio port or a USB port. If your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output will usually be green. • Connect headphones to the correct audio port and determine if sound is audible from the headphones. Searching the web for a solution If you still haven't found a solution to your problem, you may need to ask someone else for help. Try searching the web for the problem that you're having, as other people may have had similar problems. Also, if you have a friend or family member who knows a lot about computers, they may be able to help you. Keep in mind that most computer problems have simple solutions, although it may take some time to find them. For very difficult problems, a more drastic solution may be required, such as reformatting your hard drive, reinstalling programs, or reinstalling your operating system. If you're not a computer expert, it's possible that you could make the situation worse, so it's best to consult a professional if you think a drastic solution is needed. TOOLS FOR TESTING COMPUTER SYSTEM Tools and equipment play vital roles in troubleshooting. They help the user determine the errors found in their computer hardware and network. A. Tools used to test hardware problems: 1. Screw drivers - are used for installing and removing screws in the computer unit. 2. Pliers and tweezers - are used for picking small parts in the computer unit. 24
3. Soldering iron- is primarily used for connecting terminals in the power supply and circuit board with the use of a soldering lead. 4. Anti-static wrist strap, mat and spray- are used for eliminating electrostatic discharge in the work area. 5. Lens cleaner – a device used for cleaning optical media, such a DVD ROMS and CD-writers. 6. Thermal paste-is a paste used for heat dissipation of the processor. 25
B. Network Troubleshooting Tools 1. LAN Tester – is a device used for testing the network connection. 2. Crimping tool- is a device used to crimp the RJ45 connector to the UTP cable. What’s More Activity 2: Write the problem with the given solution. No. Problem Solution closing the program and 1. re-opening it. Check the volume control 2. on your computer. Control+Alt+Delete on your 3. keyboard to open the Task Manager press and hold the power 4. button for about 10 seconds, or until the computer turns off. move your mouse back 5. and forth and your original screen will appear. 26
What I Have Learned Activity 3 Direction: Give what are asked for. A. 3 Rules in Diagnosing Computer System B. 3 Things to consider in finding the solution What I Can Do Activity 4 : Ask the help of any members of the family to list down some tools for testing computer system using your answer sheets. Number of Testing Tools Points 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Assessment IDENTIFICATION TYPE: Identify the following . ________ 1. It can easily damage sensitive components in your computer. ________ 2. One of the Factors that cause computer failures and defects who are untrained personnel. ________ 3 It is a detective work in which you need to determine what is out of the ordinary by making detailed observation of what is not working normally. ________ 4. The easiest first step you can take to troubleshoot most problems ________ 5 It is a device used to crimp the RJ45 connector to the UTP cable. ________ 6. It is a device used for testing the network connection. ________ 7. It is a paste used for heat dissipation of the processor. ________ 8. A device used for cleaning optical media, such a DVD ROMS and CD-writers. 27
________ 9. It is primarily used for connecting terminals in the power supply and circuit board with the use of a soldering lead. ________10. What are used for installing and removing screws in the computer unit. Additional Activities Activity 5 : Interview a person who knows how to operate a computer and Ask 1 computer problem encountered and the solution applied. (10 points) What I Need to Know LESSON 4: Computer System and Network Configurations In the previous lesson, you were introduced with all the necessary knowledge and skills on diagnosing computer problems and solutions. Now, after executing the correct procedures I am sure that proper computer troubleshooting is a very easy task for you. Those skills will be very essential for the next lesson. In the next phase of your learning it will focus in computer system and network configurations After reading all the required topics and performing the essential skills you must be able to: • Test the configured computer systems and networks • Follow OHS procedures in testing systems and networks • Test computer systems and networks in accordance with the job requirements • Accomplish technical reports on the tests co 28
What I Know Direction : Identification Type: Write the correct answer on your answer sheet. 1. Is considered as collections of computers, software, and hardware are all connected to help their users work together. 2. Means customizing the network for your own use. 3. It is one of the most popular LAN cables 4. They are the connectors at both ends of the UTP cable 5. This is the standard cable used for almost all purposes. 6. It simply reverses some of the pins so that the output on one computer is being sent to the input of another 7. Type of network that is easy to setup 8. Number of wires inside the cable 9. These connect the network to the LAN 10. Network support on user so that you can \"talk\" to your network. 29
Lesson Computer System and Network Configurations 4 What’s In Last lessons we learned how to diagnose computer problems and apply simple solutions. Today, you will learn about computer system and network configurations What’s New Activity 1: Guess! Identify what do the two images have. Clue the word starts with letter C. Yes it is correct the answer is Connection. 30
What is It Computer System and Network Configurations Computer Networks Networks are collections of computers, software, and hardware that are all connected to help their users work together. A network connects computers by means of cabling systems, specialized software, and devices that manage data traffic. A network enables users to share files and resources, such as printers, as well as send messages electronically (e-mail) to each other. Network System Configuration All networks go through roughly the same steps in terms of design, rollout, configuration, and management. Designing Your Network Plan on the design phase to take anywhere from one to three working days, depending on how much help you have ad how big your network is. Here are the key tasks: • Settle on a peer-to-peer network or a client/server network. • Pick you network system software. • Pick a network language. • Figure out what hardware you need. • Decide on what degree of information security you need. • Choose software and hardware solutions to handle day-to-day management chores. Rolling Out Your Network Rolling out your network requires the following steps: • Run and test network cables. • Install the server or servers if you’re setting up a client/server network. (If you are setting up a peer-to-peer network, you typically don’t have to worry about any dedicated servers.) • Set up the workstation hardware. • Plug in and cable the Network Interface Cards (NICs – these connect the network to the LAN). • Install the hub or hubs (if you are using twisted-pair cable). • Install printers. • Load up the server software (the NOS, or Network Operating System) if your network is a client/server type. • Install the workstation software. 31
• Install modem hardware for remote dial-up (if you want the users to be able to dial into the network). • Install the programs you want to run (application software). Configuring Your Network Network configuration means customizing the network for your own use. • Creating network accounts for your users (names, passwords, and groups). • Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share data files. • Creating areas on shared disk drives for users to share programs (unless everyone runs programs from their own computer). • Setting up print queues (the software that lets users share networked printers). • Installing network support on user workstations, so they can \"talk\" to your network. Managing Your Network The work you do right after your LAN is up and running and configured can save you huge amounts of time in the coming months. • Mapping your network for easier management and troubleshooting. • Setting up appropriate security measures to protect against accidental and intentional harm. • Tuning up your LAN so that you get the best possible speed from it. • Creating company standards for adding hardware and software, so you don’t have nagging compatibility problems later. • Putting backup systems in place so that you have copies of data and programs if your hardware fails. • Installing some monitoring and diagnostic software so that you can check on your network’s health and get an early warning of impleading problems. • Figuring out how you plan to handle troubleshooting – educating your LAN administrator, setting up a support contract with a software vendor, and so on. Smooth Setup One key advantage of a peer-to-peer network is that it’s easy to setup. With the simplest sort of peer-to-peer network, you just use the built-in networking that comes with your operating system (Windows 98, Windows 7, Windows 8 and so on) and you have very little software to set up – even less if you have computers that have the operating system preinstalled, as most computers do these days. For Windows 7, the basic steps to setting up a peer to-peer network are as follows: (Review for Cabling) UTP Cable A UTP cable (category 5) is one of the most popular LAN cables. This cable consists of 4 twisted pairs of metal wires (that means there are 8 wires in the cable). Adding RJ45 connectors at both ends of the UTP cable it becomes a LAN cable they usually use. 32
Preparation You need a UTP Cable, Crimping Tool, RJ45, and Cutter Making Cable Follow the steps below. 1. Cut into the plastic sheath 1 inch from the end of the cut cable. The crimping tool has a razor blade that will do the trick with practice. 2. Unwind and pair the similar colors. 3. Pinch the wires between your fingers and straighten them out as shown. The color order is important to do this correctly. 4. Use wire cutter to make a straight cut across the wires 1/2 inch from the cut sleeve to the end of the wires. 33
5. Push the wires into the connector. Each wire fits into a slot in the RJ45 connector. Note the position of the blue plastic shielding. Also note how the wires go all the way to the end 6. Take view from the top. Make sure the wires are all the way in. There should be no short wires. 7. Crimping the Cable – carefully place the connector into the Ethernet Crimper and cinch down on the handles tightly. The copper splicing tabs on the connector will pierce into each of the eight wires. There is also a locking tab that holds the blue plastic sleeve in place for a tight compression fit. When you remove the cable from the crimper, that end is ready to use 8. For a standard \"Straight-Through\" cable, repeat all steps and wire color order on the other end of cable. For a cross-over cable - the other end will have a different color order. 9. Make sure to test the cables before installing them. An inexpensive Ethernet cable tester does this quite well. 34
The straight-through Ethernet cable is used in local area network to connect a PC to a network hub and router. This is the standard cable used for almost all purposes. A cross-over cable, on the other hand, can be used to connect two network devices directly, without the need for a router in the middle. It simply reverses some of the pins so that the output on one computer is being sent to the input of another Bear in mind that safety precautions must always be applied and observed during the fabrication of the said cables. . What’s More Activity 2: Give what are asked for: Key Task in designing your network: 1-6 35
What I Have Learned Activity 3: Fill in the blanks. Use your answer sheet 1. ______________ is the type of cable used in local area network to connect a PC to a network hub and router. 2. ______________ is the type of cable used to connect two network devices directly. 3. Cut into the plastic sheath ___________ from the end of the cut cable. 4. Bear in mind that __________ must always be applied and observed during the fabrication of the said cables. 5. Use wire cutter to make a straight cut across the wires _______ from the cut sleeve to the end of the wires. What I Can Do Activity 4. Color Coding of cables. Use your answer sheet. Note: Try to answer honestly without reading(memories) Side A Straight-Through Side B Cross-Over Cable Side A Side B 36
Assessment Direction: Identification Type: Write the correct answer. 1. Is considered as collections of computers, software, and hardware are all connected to help their users work together. 2. Means customizing the network for your own use. 3. It is one of the most popular LAN cables 4. They are the connebctors at both ends of the UTP cable 5. This is the standard cable used for almost all purposes. 6. It simply reverses some of the pins so that the output on one computer is being sent to the input of another 7. Type of network that is easy to setup 8. Number of wires inside the cable 9. These connect the network to the LAN 10. Network support on user so that you can \"talk\" to your network. . Additional Activities Activity 5 : Take pictures of tools used in cabling No. of Pictures No. of points 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 37
38 ADDITIONAL WHAT I WHAT I WHAT’S WHAT’S 1. Atom ACTIVITIES CAN DO HAVE MORE NEW 2. Current Points be Points be LEARNED Points be 3. Voltage given based given Points be given ELECTRICUT 4. Conductor on your based on given based based on ED 5. Insulators answers your on your your 6. DC answers answers answers 7. Electric Current 8. Electricity ACTIVITY 3 9. Electron 10. Resistance 1d ACTIVITY 4 ACTIVITY 5 ACTIVITY 2 ACTIVITY 1 LESSON 2 WHAT I KNOW/ ASSESSMENT TEST ADDITIONAL WHAT I ACTIVITIES CAN DO Points be Points be given based given on your based on answers your answers ACTIVITY 5 ACTIVITY 4 WHAT I HAVE WHAT’S REVIEW ACTIVITY Test I LEARNED MORE 1. ASSEMBLY 2. DISASSEMBLY 1. Proper Preparation Points be Points be 3. INSTALLATION 2. Antistatic Devices given based given 4 .CONFIGURATION 3. Power Surge Protector on your based on 4. System Error answers your What’s New 5. POST Code error answers 6. Application Error PROBLEM/ ERROR 7. Device Manager error 8. Runtime error 9. Stop error 10. Browser Status error ACTIVITY 2 ACTIVITY 3 ACTIVITY 1 Answer Key LESSON 1 What I Know/Assessment Test ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
39 ADDITIONAL WHAT I WHAT I WHAT’S WHAT’S 1. NETWORKS ACTIVITIES CAN DO HAVE MORE NEW 2. NETWORK Points be Points be LEARNED CONFIGURATION given based given 1. Straight Points be CONNECTION 3. UTP (5 CATEGORY) on your based on Though given 4. RJ45 answers your 2. Cross based on 5. STRAIGHT THROUGH answers over your 6. CROSS OVER 3. 1 inch answer 7. PEER TO PEER 4. Safety 8. 8 WIRES Precautions 9. NIC 5. ½ inch 10. WORKSTATION ACTIVITY 3 ACTIVITY 4 ACTIVITY 5 ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 2 LESSON 4 WHAT I KNOW/ ASSESSMENT TEST ADDITIONAL WHAT I WHAT I WHAT’S WHAT’S 1. ELECTRO STATIC ACTIVITIES CAN DO HAVE MORE NEW DISCHARGE Points be Points be LEARNED 2. PEOPLEWARE given based given Points be Points be SOLUTION 3. PROBLEM on your based on given given ISOLATION answers your based on based on 4. ALWAYS CHECK answers your your THE CABLE answers answers 5. CRIMPING TOOL 6. LAN TESTER 7. THERMAL PASTE 8. LENS CLEANER 9. SOLDERING IRON 10. SCREWDRIVER ACTIVITY 1 ACTIVITY 2 ACTIVITY 3 ACTIVITY 4 ACTIVITY 5 LESSON 3 WHAT I KNOW/ ASSESSMENT TEST